Conflict

A couple kissing under a mistletoe, with gas masks on.

Wikipedia

Wikipedia: Outline of war
Wikipedia: Military terminology
Wikipedia: List of established military terms
Wikipedia: Glossary of military abbreviations
Wikipedia: NATO Joint Military Symbology
Wikipedia: Devil Eyes
Wikipedia: Tonibler

Ten stages of genocide

The ten stages of genocide is an academic and policy model created by Gregory Stanton to explain how genocide develops. The stages are not linear, and several may occur simultaneously. Stanton's stages are a conceptual model for analyzing the events and processes that lead to genocide, and for determining preventive measures.

Stage	Characteristics	Preventative Measures
Classification	People are divided into "them and us".	"The main preventive measure at this early stage is to develop universalistic institutions that transcend... divisions."
Symbolization	"When combined with hatred, symbols may be forced upon unwilling members of pariah groups..."	"To combat symbolization, hate symbols can be legally forbidden as can hate speech."
Discrimination	"Law or cultural power excludes groups from full civil rights: segregation or apartheid laws, denial of voting rights".	"Pass and enforce laws prohibiting discrimination. Full citizenship and voting rights for all groups."
Dehumanization	"One group denies the humanity of the other group. Members of it are equated with animals, vermin, insects, or diseases."	"Local and international leaders should condemn the use of hate speech and make it culturally unacceptable. Leaders who incite genocide should be banned from international travel and have their foreign finances frozen."
Organization	"Genocide is always organized... Special army units or militias are often trained and armed..."	"The U.N. should impose arms embargoes on governments and citizens of countries involved in genocidal massacres, and create commissions to investigate violations."
Polarization	"Hate groups broadcast polarizing propaganda..."	"Prevention may mean security protection for moderate leaders or assistance to human rights groups... Coups d’état by extremists should be opposed by international sanctions."
Preparation	"Mass killing is planned. Victims are identified and separated because of their ethnic or religious identity..."	"At this stage, a Genocide Emergency must be declared. Full diplomatic pressure by regional organizations must be invoked, including preparation to intervene to prevent genocide."
Persecution	"Expropriation, forced displacement, ghettos, concentration camps".	"Direct assistance to victim groups, targeted sanctions against persecutors, mobilization of humanitarian assistance or intervention, protection of refugees."
Extermination	"It is 'extermination' to the killers because they do not believe their victims to be fully human".	"At this stage, only rapid and overwhelming armed intervention can stop genocide. Real safe areas or refugee escape corridors should be established with heavily armed international protection."
Denial	"The perpetrators... deny that they committed any crimes..."	"The response to denial is punishment by an international tribunal or national courts."

Lexicon

balance of power: suggests that states may secure their survival by preventing any one state from gaining enough military power to dominate all others
bivouac: temporary encampment often in an unsheltered area
clandestine: conducted with secrecy
fusillade: a number of shots fired simultaneously/in rapid succession
hoplite: a heavily armed Greek foot soldier
phylactology: science of counter-espionage

Art

Visual

Moving

Dr. Strangelove, or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb directed by Stanley Kubrick
Come and See directed by Elem Klimov
Threads directed by Mick Jackson

"If in some smothering dreams you too could pace
 Behind the wagon that we flung him in,
 And watch the white eyes writhing in his face,
 His hanging face, like a devil's sick of sin;
 If you could hear, at every jolt, the blood
 Come gargling from the froth-corrupted lungs,
 Obscene as cancer, bitter as the cud
 Of vile, incurable sores on innocent tongues,--
 My friend, you would not tell with such high zest
 To children ardent for some desperate glory,
 The old Lie:
 Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori."

    - Wilfred Owen

The World Trade Center, celebrating Christmas the year before 9/11 with a "Peace On Earth" display.